· Experimental Methods: purpose is to approach causality – does one variable influence another? Make sure to manipulate one more variables, control study conditions, and have equivalency of participants in each condition; look for statistical difference

· Correlational Studies: determine relationships among variables, measure variables rather than manipulate them; do variables co-vary? r values and direction of relationship; limits are that correlation does not equal causations, third-variable problem, directionality problem?

· Case studies: purpose is to study an individual in great detail – can identify more specific factors to study

· Which design? Experimental – when you want to examine – or infer – causality; Correlational – when you want to explore relationships as they occur naturally; Case studies – when you want to thoroughly study a rare phenomenon and identify variables for future study

· Historical Phys Theories of Personality: Bodily-fluid theory (phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric, melancholic); Sheldon’s Somatotypes (ectomorphs, mesomorphs, endomorphs)