Masters and Johnson

· Started in 1954 followed by a lab created at WUSL in 1960s

· Lab studies on human sexuality

· First recruited the promiscuous and prostitutes

· Had women masturbate with a dildo equipped with a camera- required some degree of exhibitionism

· Then recruited for people who were “normal” but had to succeed at masturbation

· Looked at 10000+ episodes

· Clinically documented multiple orgasms in women and the source of lubrication; also showed that orgasmic contraction does not suck up sperm into the uterus

· Also argued “phallic fallacy”- the clitoris and penis are not analagous

· Accomplishments: 1) wrote human sexual response cycle, 2) started the whole field of sex therapy, 3) wrote Methodological Advance for Observation of Sexual Functions, 4) created a new vision for female sexuality (ie reject Freud’s mature vs immature orgasm), and 5) data on homosexuality

· Criticisms: mechanistic (mostly masturbators), 1^st phase is masturbation, but what gets you there? it explains arousal but not desire…desire to later be explored by Helen Singer Kaplan, internal states or sociological facts were simply not included, the model wasn’t listed as a normal sample (ie you had to reach orgasm, have a history of masturbation, etc), the study assumed males and females are alike sexually, p’s were chosen for their ability to talk about it, they ignored class difference, the study was goal-oriented, sex was presumed a disappointment if there was no orgasm, “MEDICALIZATION OF SEXUALITY”

Early U.S. History

· PROTESTANTS: like Confucianism, it was all about the family; in the 1600s, emigrants were worried about displeasing God by leaving the old world and wanted to create Godly communities; if one sinned, it brought down the whole group…Puritans; sex ratio brought about higher fertility rates and channeled sex into marriage. The TV1 is an important document

· In Plymouth, they liked sex, but only for reproduction; adultery wasn’t true if it was with a single woman, you could drivorce a prude or an impotent person; the whole family lived in one-room houses with one bed; women were believed to have to have an orgasm for conception; contraception was highly disapproved of- abstinence, coitus interruptus, lactation

· 18^th c. New England: sex was for marriage and reproduction; there was courtship/bundling with a bundling board

· 19^th c. New England: growth of cities, sex was being looked at more as “good”- not just for reproduction but for happiness; female sexual purity (?), more attempts at limiting the family, technological advances in contraception (esp. in the 1840s), mass media on contraception and abortion

· Late 1800s New England: up come the moral entrepreneurs: Constock, Mormons

· Chesapeake/South: not so much emphasis on the family because you didn’t need to succeed in business based on a family (New England had a religious, utopian nature about it); people who moved there had more vaired origins; men far outnumbered women compared to New England and therefore Chesapeake women could be tempted by many other men; sodomy laws were less extensive than in New England; indentured female servants were present and could not marry- therefore were offered sexual advances; huge illegitimacy rates