1. this is an immune response mediated by antibodies.

· When a macrophage engulfs and destroys a pathogen, it will present pieces of the pathogen at its surface as antigen/MHC complexes.

· These antigen/MHC complexes are recognized by inactive helper T-cells. The helper T-cells will bind to these antigen/MHC complexes and become activated.

· An activated helper T-cell starts to divide itself – and a portion of the new cells are stored, inactive, as memory helper T-cells.

· The rest of the new helper T-cells then move on to stimulate sensetized B-cells. These B-cells were inactive until they bound an antigen to specific antibodies presetn on their surface.

· The active helper T-cell recognizes and bind the antigen-antibody complex present on the sensetized B-cell. The helper T-cell then activates the B-cell.

· The activated B-cell then starts dividing — a portion of the new cells are stored, inactive, as memory B-cells.

· The rest of the new B-cells start producing and releasing antibodies into the blood – these antibodies are specifi for the antigen that started the whole process.

2. they are for specigic antigens, are inactive, and can wait for decades until they are needed

3. proteins that are made and released by B cells; constant segments form the base of the antibody molecule; variable segments contain the antigen binding sites of the antibody molecule

neutralization – once bound by Ig, pathogens’ activities become limited
agglutination/precipitation – Igs have 2 binding sites and can therefore link may antigens together, limiting their mobility and making it easier to catch them

Joel visited his grandpa’s house recently in Puyallup.

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