In the same section, Nietzsche conveys that within society, most valuations of morals are based on fear. He exemplifies this with the idea that there is “no morality of love to one’s neighbor” (Nietzsche 123), or that any altruistic act cannot really be measured on a moral-immoral basis, and all altruistic acts are made out of fright felt towards those who are being helped. This seems directly contradictory to Kropotkin’s idea of Mutual Aid, which states not only that those who support each other ultimately have the best chances for survival, but also that mutual aid occurs without authority and with deep roots of sociability and ethical conceptions (Barash 153-157). Kropotkin also states that we may be unaware of the extent to which Mutual Aid is carried out because of the over-emphasis of human struggle (Barash 154), and yet Nietzsche states that there really is “little constant exercise of consideration, sympathy, fairness, gentleness, and mutual assistance…” (Nietzsche 123). It is rather difficult to find, between Nietzsche and Kropotkin, a common ground concerning the basis for kind acts towards our neighbor.

In “Our Virtues,” the seventh section of the book, Nietzsche offers his view on learning.